Which of the following is essential for all organisms to survive?

The correct answer is essential because it encompasses the fundamental needs that all organisms require to sustain life. Food serves as the primary source of energy and nutrients necessary for growth, repair, and maintenance of bodily functions. Water is crucial for nearly every biological process, including digestion, circulation, and temperature regulation. Sunlight is vital for photosynthetic organisms, enabling them to convert light energy into chemical energy, which is also fundamental to the food supply of other organisms. Air, specifically oxygen or carbon dioxide, is needed for respiration by many organisms, allowing them to produce energy.

While the other options mention important elements for survival, they do not collectively cover the essentials for every type of organism. For example, not all organisms require shelter, as some thrive in open environments. Similarly, while minerals and heat are important, they are not universally essential like the components listed in the correct option. Therefore, the combination of food, water, sunlight, and air effectively represents the core requirements that support life across different organisms.